Jibreel
The Duolingo for Fiqh
Is carmine halal? For Muslims – particularly those following the Hanafi school of thought – the answer is no: carmine is considered haram (impermissible) for consumption.
Carmine is a bright red food and cosmetic dye derived from dried cochineal insects (often listed as E120 or cochineal extract on ingredient labels).
The majority of Islamic scholars, including Hanafi jurists, classify insects and their direct extracts as impure and prohibit consuming them.
In this article, we’ll explore what carmine is, why it’s deemed haram in the Hanafi tradition, and how it’s treated in foods vs. non-food products.
Carmine (also known as cochineal, Natural Red 4, or E120) is a red pigment obtained from the cochineal scale insect. These tiny insects live on cactus plants and produce a deep red compound called carminic acid.
To make carmine dye, thousands of female cochineal bugs are harvested, killed, dried, and crushed into a reddish powder. This natural dye has been used for centuries to color textiles and, in modern times, a wide variety of foods and cosmetics.
Carmine’s vivid red color makes it a popular “natural” coloring agent. It often appears in ingredient lists under names like cochineal extract, crimson lake, carminic acid, or E120. Manufacturers add carmine to products ranging from candies, yogurts, and juices to makeup (such as red lipsticks and blushes) in order to impart a pink or red hue.
In the Hanafi school, consuming insects or insect-derived substances like carmine is considered haram (forbidden). This ruling is rooted in the general Islamic principle that “filthy or repulsive” things are not lawful to eat.
The Quran mentions the prohibition of“bad or impure” substances:
“(…) He permits for them what is lawful and forbids to them what is vile.” Surah Al-A‘raf (7:157)
Classical scholars have understood this to include insects, since eating bugs is traditionally viewed as repellent or unwholesome in the common culture.
Moreover, there is clear scholarly consensus that “the consumption of insects is not permitted” in Islam. In other words, because carmine comes from insects, eating it is considered haram in the Hanafi view (and by the majority of Islamic authorities).
In food and beverages: Any dye or ingredient derived from insects like carmine is haram to eat or drink according to Hanafi scholars.
Thus, products such as juices, candies, yogurts, or ice creams that use carmine (E120) for red coloring are not permissible for observant Muslims.
One should check ingredient lists carefully; if you see carmine, cochineal, E120, crimson lake, or natural red 4, those products should be avoided to maintain a halal diet.
In non-food items (makeup, dyes, etc.): Interestingly, the pigment itself is considered pure in terms of ritual cleanliness. This means it does not contaminate or invalidate one’s wudu (ablution) if it’s on the skin or clothing.
For this reason, using carmine in external products – like paints, inks, clothing dyes, or cosmetics applied on skin – is generally deemed permissible in the Hanafi school.
For example, red-dyed clothes or art paints containing carmine are allowed, since you’re not ingesting them and the dye itself is ritually clean.
However, a caveat applies to cosmetics used around the mouth. If a product like lipstick or lip balm contains carmine, there is a high chance of ingestion (you might swallow traces of it). In such cases, Hanafi scholars say its use would not be permissible, essentially treating it like a food item.
In summary:
For Muslims aiming to avoid haram ingredients, due diligence with product labels is key. Carmine can hide behind various names, so look out for any of the following on ingredient lists:
If you see these terms on a food package, it indicates the presence of the insect-derived red dye. Be cautious even with vague terms like “natural color” or “natural dye”, as these can sometimes refer to carmine.
In summary, carmine is considered haram to consume under Hanafi Islamic law (and by the majority of scholars) because it originates from insects, which are deemed impermissible as food. Muslims should be vigilant about this ingredient in foods and ingestible products.
However, carmine can be used externally (in non-ingested items).
Always check labels and when in doubt, seek products that explicitly meet halal standards. By staying informed, one can maintain a halal diet and lifestyle without unwittingly consuming this insect-derived dye.
